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• Information Management Reference Model
  R. Evans, J. Fandozzi, T. Frangioso, R,Haller, M. Hebert, P. Lehner, A. miller, R. Miller, S. Renner, R. Rudman, L. Seligman, A. Weiss

• C4ISR FRAMEWORK OF THE FUTURE
  Richard E. Hayes, Ph.D.

• Terms of Reference -- Battlespace Knowledge Workshop
  AIAA Technical Committee on Information and C2 Systems

• Aktepe v. United States

  United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.
  On October 1, 1992, during "Exercise display Determination 1992", the USS Saratoga fired two missiles at the Turkish destroyer Muavenet causing several fatalities and injuries. This incident occurred because of non-standard terminology used in the Saratoga's Combat Direction Center. Attached is a transcript from Aktepe v. United States, a wrongful death suit filed by the family of one of the dead Turkish sailors.

• US/UK Sensor to Shooter study
  R. G. Ansell
  This paper describes the work carried out by the Defense Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA) during the US/UK Sensor to Shooter (STS) Study. It focuses on the timeline analysis carried out by the UK team and some broad conclusions drawn from this. Some lessons learnt regarding the conduct of such studies are also presented.

• Avoiding Information Overload (Military Review, Jul/Aug 1998)
  Captain Robert L. Bateman III, US Army
  Captain Robert L. Bateman III (USA) revisited Boyd's OODA loop to make some points about differences for ground components, and new challenges and dangers for decision makers who may be faced with making more decisions more quickly in the future simply because more information allowing (and requiring) such decisions will be available.

• Into the Storm: A Study in Command
  Tom Clancy and General Fred Franks, Jr. (USA Ret.)
  General Fred Franks, Jr. (USA Ret.) and best-selling author Tom Clancy wrote this book from Franks' perspective as commander of VII Corps during Desert Storm. There are several passages dealing with sense-making problems that arise from varied delays in reporting. In particular, Desert Storm CINC Norman Schwartzkopf, it is argued, developed an incorrect understanding of VII Corp's activity and progress from reports that lagged behind those from other friendly elements in the battle. For example, look at pages 284-286 and 292-295.

• To Fight Digitized or Analog (Military Review, Nov/Dec 1999)
  Lieutenant Colonel James E. Harris III, US Army
  Lieutenant Colonel James E. Harris III (USA) shared the perspective he developed from fighting, first as a "digitized" force at NTC, and later as an "analog" force at JRTC, on the issues of managing and making sense of information in the future battlespace.

• Systematic Assessment of C2 Effectiveness and its Determinants
  
  Richard E. Hayes
  Paper focused on Army exercises where Army Command and Control Assessment Tool (ACCES) was applied, presenting data from the various command post exercises and identifying C2 patterns from US Army Post-Cold War situations.

• Falling Toward War in the Aegean: A Case Study of the Imia/Kardak Affair
  Michael Robert Hickok
  On Christmas day 1995, a Turkish freighter ran aground on a rock islet in the northern Dodecanese islands, setting off a chain of events that would lead Greece and Turkey to the brink of war. Senior officials in Washington later admitted that the countries were literally hours from conflict over an issue of which decision makers in America and Europe were completely unaware prior to military forces being deployed.

• Team Performance on Monitoring Tasks: An Examination of Decision Errors in Contexts Requiring Sustained Attention
  John R. Hollenbeck, Daniel R. Ilgen, Dale B. Tuttle, and Douglas J. Sego
  The purpose of this study was to examine individual and team performance in situations requiring sustained attention. The results of the study replicate the past literature on the vigilance decrement and extend the literature by documenting a post-critical signal decrement as well. The study also shows that problems in the area of sustained attention generalize from situations involving individual decision makers to contexts where decisions are made by teams.

• C2 Case Study: The FSCL in Desert Storm (text)
  C2 Case Study: The FSCL in Desert Storm (supporting slides)
  John R. M. McDaniel
  In this case study, John McDaniel of Evidence Based Research used the open literature to examine communications and coordination problems that prevented most efficient use and adjustment of the Fire Support Coordination Line (FSCL), and suggested some possible improvements resulting from application of today's and tomorrow's information technologies.

• Developing Intellectual Tools to Support C4ISR Analyses for Operations Other Than War

  Stuart H. Starr, David Haut, and Wayne Hughes, JR.
  On 28 - 30 January 1997, The Military Operations Research Society (MORS) conducted a workshop on Operations Oter Than War (OOTW) Analysis and Techniques at MacDill AFB, Tampa, Florida. One of the Panels at that workshop focused on the intellectual tools needed to support command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR analyses for OOTW. The paper identifies and discusses several recommendations to ameliorate major issues. The major recommendations focus on the issues posed by the management of information.

• The Battle of Grozny: Deadly Classroom for Urban Combat (Parameters, Summer 1999)
  Lieutenant Colonel Timothy L. Thomas (USA Ret.)
  Lieutenant Colonel Timothy L. Thomas (USA Ret.) includes discussion of communications problems in his overview of Russian lessons learned from the "first" battle of Grozny in January 1995.

• Optimizing Future Battle Command Technologies (Military Review, Mar/Apr 1998)
  Brigadier General Huba Wass de Czege, US Army, Retired, and Major Jacob Biever, US Army
  Brigadier General Huba Wass de Czege (USA Ret.) and Major Jacob Biever (USA) addressed information sense making in the context of the future command post, postulating that staffs will be afforded time to "focus on creative tasks [such as] assigning meaning to information, integrating it and creating new options."

• C3I For Peace Operations: Lessons From Bosnia
  Larry K. Wentz
  Peace operations in Bosnia show that doctrine, culture and language differences need to be coordinated and merged to achieve unity of effort. Unintended consequences accompany the use of advanced information technology and services. For Bosnia, the operation differed considerable from what the U.S. and other militaries had organized, equipped and trained for during the Cold War.

• Coalition Information Sharing: Lessons from Kosovo

  Larry K. Wentz
  This paper stresses the need for progress in coalition information sharing in light of allied experience in Kosovo. Better means for reciprocal and transparent information sharing need to be developed. It underlines the importance of recording lessons learned while keeping them in perspective.