"Naturalistic Decision Making: Where are we now? " Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM) provides a new approach for understanding and aiding decision makers as they work in complex, time-pressured, and high-risk environments. An NDM framework provides a perspective for understanding command decision making in complex organizations such as the Combined Joint Task Force and for supporting this decision making in a variety of missions including peace operations. Traditional decision theory does not capture how experienced decision makers operate, and applications based on that theory often do not result in improved outcomes. This paper summarizes the chapters in the volume which it introduces: It summarizes the state of NDM research and applications as of the second conference on NDM held in 1994. The summary identifies four current themes in NDM research: models and theories, related lines of research, the focus on situation awareness, and methodological advancements. It also discusses applications of NDM research. (For the citation of the volume from the first NDM conference see Klein, Orasanu, Calderwood and Zsambok. 1993.)